非洲

Short Code
AS

国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

34.28 (2018)

世界排名 100/193

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

817 (2018)

世界排名 175/192

经济结构

(2019年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(32.34%)
工业
(30.77%)
农业
(28.41%)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

26.7 (2019)

货币 (期内平均)

苏丹镑

24.33每美元 (2018)

政治制度

Transitional government

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

  • Sudan, once the largest state in Africa, split into two countries in July 2011 after South Sudan became an independent state. Situated in the northeast Africa, Sudan is the third largest country with population over 40 million.
  • Following South Sudan’s secession, Sudan introduced new currency (still called the Sudanese pound) to replace the common currency that were used in the northern and southern Sudan. However, the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction in 2011. The country also suffers from soaring inflation, which reached 64% in June 2018. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the price hike in Sudan have been the third fastest in the world, trailing only South Sudan and Venezuela.
  • Comprehensive US sanctions on Sudan were revoked in October 2017 after 20 years of implementation. It is seen as an important milestone which is expected to boost competitiveness and stimulate economic growth by resuming financial and trade transactions between US entities and their Sudanese counterparts. Although US has dropped travel ban on Sudan, Sudan remains one of the three countries, alongside Iran and Syria, listed by the US government as a state which sponsors terrorism.
  • Economic condition in Sudan has been challenging since South Sudan seceded in 2011 when Sudan lost one-third of its territory and three quarters of its oil reserves. In January 2012, South Sudan shut down oil production in response to a trade dispute with Sudan, causing damages to both economies. To avoid further damages, the two countries signed nine cooperation agreements in September 2012 on issues such as oil, border issues and citizenships.
  • Sudan’s economy showed some recovery at 2.2% since 2013, according to IMF. The country’s GDP growth reached 3.2% in 2017 and is projected at 3.8% for 2018 amid the lifting of US sanctions.
  • Sudan positioned at the lower end of Human Development Index (HDI), ranking 165 out of 188 countries and territories. The total number of people estimated to be in need of humanitarian assistance in Sudan amounted to 5.5 million in 2018, an increase of 0.7 million people compared to last year. In response to the deteriorating situation, the United Nations (UN) has developed Multi-Year Humanitarian Strategy 2017-2019 and 2018 Humanitarian Response Plan with goals to provide lifesaving assistance and services.
  • Sudan is a member state of the UN and the African Union. Sudan also entered into the Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) which was brought into force in 1998, aiming to liberate the trade of goods between Arab Nations. In March 2018, Sudan signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) with other member states of the African Union, committing to deepen African economic integration.
  • United Arab Emirates (UAE) is Sudan’s top export destination, accounted for 60% of the country’s total exports in 2016, followed by China (15%) and India (5%). On the other hand, China is the largest import origins of Sudan, accounted for nearly one-third of total imports. Machines, metals and textiles are the main imports from China.
  • Sudan has established a long-standing relationship with China since 1959 and China has been actively involved in Sudan’s economic and social development. For example, the Friendship Hall in Khartoum, which has become the country’s landmark building, was built with Chinese assistance. China has also supported a series of projects in Sudan such as construction of transport infrastructure and hospitals.
  • China is the largest investor of Sudan, particularly in the oil industry. China embarked the path of oil investments in Sudan back in 1997 when the state-owned China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) signed an oil development deal with the Sudanese government. Since then, cooperation on petroleum and mining has become the driving force of Sino-Sudanese economic ties.
  • According to UNCTAD statistics, cumulative FDI in Sudan totalled US$1.1 billion in 2017, up 0.1% from 2016. China’s total FDI in Sudan dropped 64% at its remarkable peak in 2015 and reached US$1 billion in 2016.
Table: Hong Kong’s Trade with Sudan
详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

4.94 (2019)

世界排名 157/194

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

0 (未有提供)

世界排名 N/A

经济结构

(未有提供年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(N/A)
工业
(N/A)
农业
(N/A)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

N/A (未有提供)

货币 (期内平均)

 Somali Shilling

23097.99每美元 (2017)

政治制度

联邦共和制

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

  • Somalia, located in the easternmost of Africa, has descended into a two-decade-long civil unrest when armed opposition groups overthrew the country’s military dictator Siad Barre in 1991. In 2012, a new Federal Government of Somalia was established, which is the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.
  • Following the collapse of the Somali government in 1991 and the resulting civil war, hundreds of thousands of refugees fled to neighbouring countries. Somalia is now the world’s third largest source of refugees, after Syria and Afghanistan. As of end of 2017, there are about 900,000 Somali refugees hosted in the region, mainly in Kenya, Yemen and Ethiopia.
  • Livestock and crops are the main sources of Somalia’s economic activity, accounted for 75% of the country’s GDP and 93% of total exports in 2017. However, the agricultural sector has been buffeted by an increasingly fragile natural environment and more frequent cycles of drought and floods. A severe drought in November 2016 has led to widespread famine and weakened the country’s economic growth. Somalia’s real GDP growth dropped from 2.4% in 2016 to 1.8% in 2017.  
  • According to the World Bank, Somalia has one of the most active mobile money markets in the world with around 155 million transactions recorded every month. Despite its fragility and underdeveloped financial institutions, development of mobile money has outpaced most other African countries, with over 70% of Somalis adopting mobile money services regularly.
  • Somalia is a member state of the United Nations, African Union and the Arab League. It was also a founding member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in 1969.
  • Sino-Somalia relationship was established in 1960 and two countries signed their first trade agreement in 1963. Since then, Somali people have been beneficiaries of Chinese benevolence in the various areas of economic and social development. More than 80 infrastructure projects such as roads and hospitals in Somalia were built with Chinese assistance. A medical team of more than 400 staff were sent to Somalia since 1991 to support the country’s medical sector.
  • Ahead of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in September 2018, Somalia and China held bilateral talks and Somalia signed a memorandum of understanding with China to join the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aiming to encourage investment and trade links between the two countries.
  • According to UNCTAD, cumulative FDI to Somalia has surged almost ten-fold in the past decade, from US$0.3 billion in 2007 to US$2.3 billion in 2017.
Table: Hong Kong’s Trade with Somalia
详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

10.12 (2019)

世界排名 144/194

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

816 (2019)

世界排名 173/193

经济结构

(2019年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(49.27%)
工业
(18%)
农业
(24.07%)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

53.7 (2019)

货币 (期内平均)

卢旺达法郎

899.35每美元 (2019)

政治制度

多党共和制

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

  • Rwanda, also known as the “land of a thousand hills”, is a small landlocked country in east-central Africa with one of the highest population densities in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Agriculture is the backbone of Rwanda’s economy, accounting for one-third of its GDP and 70% of the labour force in 2017. Traditional goods such as tea and coffee are the major exports while cassava, potatoes and beans are the most productive crops. Although traditional goods are still important export earners for the country, non-traditional merchandise exports such as chili increased gradually in the last decade.
  • The outlook for construction sector is the brightest among other sectors due to the increased government investment in infrastructure development. The new Bugesera Airport started construction in August 2017 with an annual capacity of 4.5 million passengers expected upon completion. The Kigali Innovation City project co-financed by the African Development Bank was launched in 2016, seeking to build a technology innovation hub with facilities such as innovation lab centre and office buildings for start-ups.
  • Rwanda enjoyed strong economic growth at an average annual rate of 5% from 2005 to 2016, high ranking in the ease of doing business (#41 out of 190 countries according to the World Bank’s Doing Business 2018 report) and a reputation of low corruption. With its business-friendly reputation, Rwanda attracts foreign direct investments particularly in the construction and real estate sector. According to UNCTAD, cumulative FDI stock in Rwanda amounted to US$1.8 billion in 2017, up 7% from 2016. 
  • Since 2004, the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources has rolled out three phases of the Strategic Plans for the Transformation of Agriculture (PSTA) in the effort to harmonize the agriculture development with the national economic development and poverty reduction strategies. PSTA4, phase 4 of PSTA covering the period between 2018 and 2024, was launched earlier this year aiming to increase farm productivity and address agricultural challenges and opportunities. The PSTA4 will be funded by the government, development partners such as the European Union and the private sector.
  • Rwanda is one of the few African countries that developed an integrated information communication and technology (ICT) policy in the late 1990s. The National Information Communications Infrastructure (NICI) policy is divided into four stages with the final stage covering the period 2016 to 2020. In the past three stages under NICI policy, Rwanda’s government concentrated on enhancing ICT infrastructure and increasing internet accessibility and affordability. As of July 2018, the number of active mobile telephone subscriptions in Rwanda reached 9.3 million with a penetration rate of 79%.
  • Rwanda is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It is also a member of the East African Community (EAC), along with Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda and South Sudan. In March 2018, Rwanda signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) with other member states of the African Union, committing to boost African economies through trade liberalization in the region.
  • China has remained one of the important development partners of Rwanda since they established diplomatic relations back in the 1970s. In July 2018, Rwanda and China signed multiple bilateral agreements regarding cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The agreements also included a mutual visa exemption for diplomatic and service passport holders and covered other sectors such as infrastructure, cultural and human development cooperation.  According to China’s Ministry of Commerce, China’s FDI stock in the Rwanda surged 41% in five years to reach US$89 million in 2016.
  • E-commerce is growing in Rwanda with the participation of local and international players such as Yubeyi and China’s Alibaba Group. Rwanda and China have signed a memorandum of understanding on e-commerce cooperation, looking to promote digital trading. This agreement comes a year after Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba Group, made investment commitments for start-ups in e-commerce and technology businesses in 2017.
  • In an effort to introduce and promote Chinese culture and language in Rwanda, the Confucius Institute at University of Rwanda was established in 2009 with a pioneer class of about 100 students. The number of registered students has increased to over 4,900 as of July 2018.
Table: Hong Kong’s Trade with Rwanda
详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

39.90 (2018)

世界排名 96/193

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

3,422 (2018)

世界排名 126/192

经济结构

(2018年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(59.23%)
工业
(22.74%)
农业
(10.4%)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

110.5 (2019)

货币 (期内平均)

突尼斯第立尔

2.93每美元 (2019)

政治制度

Republic 

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

23.58 (2019)

世界排名 112/194

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

1,446 (2019)

世界排名 156/193

经济结构

(2019年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(51.44%)
工业
(24.38%)
农业
(14.79%)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

60.5 (2019)

货币 (期内平均)

Communaute Financiere Africaine Franc

585.91每美元 (2019)

政治制度

多党共和制

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

  • Senegal is located at the westernmost part of Africa, with its western side wholly bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and land bordered by Mauritania, Guinea Bissau and Mali on the other sides. Senegal’s landscape mainly consists of low-lying rolling plains, which makes it vulnerable to natural hazards particularly floods and coastal erosion.
  • As a relic of Senegal’s colonial past, French is the country’s official language. It is regularly used by a minority of Senegalese who were educated or work in the government. Most of the Senegalese speak their own ethnic language, mainly Wolof, Pular and Serer.
  • The agricultural industry occupied more than two-thirds of the labour force population and contributed around 15% of the country’s GDP. The most important agricultural activity has been peanut production but the sector has started to diversity its cash and food crops since early 1980s. Other agricultural products include millet, corn, rice and cotton.
  • A large-scale flooding in 2009 has caused the country for more than US$100 million in losses and damages. With agricultural activities playing an important role in the Senegalese economy, the government has taken steps to advance disaster risk management by establishing the Ministry for Restructuring and Managing Flood Zones in 2012 and launched the Ten-Year Flood Management Plan (2012-2022) for sustainable flood management projects.
  • Senegal has relatively more developed industrial production than other Western African countries. Major industrial activities are mining and manufacturing, which contributed 21% of the country’s GDP, of which 11% are from manufacturing production. Senegalese industries process a wide range of outputs, including food (fish canning and sugar refining), textiles, construction materials and chemicals (refined petroleum, fertilizers and plastics).
  • In fact, Senegal was already a tertiary economy as early as the 1980s and accounted over 55% of the economy in 2016. It benefits from the country’s excellent telecommunications infrastructure which encourages investments in telecommunication services. Senegal’s position as the hub of francophone West Africa in financial services has enabled the country to develop domestic financial markets as well as the real estate subsector. With its mild climate and great beaches, Senegal is also a popular tourist destination, especially for European travellers.
  • In 2014, the Senegalese government adopted the Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE) in the effort to exit a cycle of low economic growth with high poverty and boost economy. The plan was considered successful as we see encouraging signs of 6.8% real GDP growth just one year after its implementation and it has maintained more than 6% growth in the following years. Meanwhile, the government continues the PSE implementation and its related reforms, targeting sectors such as energy, transport infrastructure and agriculture.
  • As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA), Senegal shares its currency, the CFA franc, with seven other member countries. The currency has been officially pegged to the Euro since 2002.
  • Senegal has a reputation of having stable democracies and political system, compared to the rest of West Africa. It only had three major political transitions which each of them are found peaceful. The country’s presidential elections have been consistently credible with an active civil society as well as qualified political candidates. Its serving president, Macky Sall, was elected in March 2012 and the next presidential elections are expected to be held in February 2019.
  • Since its independence in 1960, Senegal has been free from civil war and does not have any military coups. Because of that, a considerable number of multinationals and NGOs have chosen to set up their regional office in Senegal for their West Africa operations.
  • China has assisted Senegal’s development by taking part in infrastructure projects as well as providing funding. The National Wrestling Arena located in the eastern part of Dakar, the capital of Senegal, was built by China’s Hunan Construction Engineering Group. China have also financed a highway linking Dakar to Touba, its second main city.
  • As part of the PSE, Senegal’s new Diamniadio industrial park aimed to attract Chinese manufacturing firms and unlock the door to industrialization. C&H Garments, a Chinese firm with production base in East Africa, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Senegalese government in 2015 to invest and set up a clothing manufacturing factory at Diamniadio. China Geology Overseas Construction Group (CGCOC Group) has also invested in a PVC pipe plant in the industrial park.
  • Senegal has become one of the Belt and Road Initiative partners with China, when the two countries signed bilateral deals during Chinese President Xi Jinping’s West Africa trip in late July 2018. In addition to infrastructure plans in Senegal, China also promised to support the country with anti-terror, peacekeeping and maintaining social stability.
  • Inward FDI stock in Senegal reached US$3.7 billion in 2016, which has increased more than 7 times compared to US$0.5 billion ten years ago. Cumulative FDI from China amounted US$0.15 billion in 2016.
Table: Hong Kong’s Trade with Senegal
详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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去年,非洲一些主要经济体受政治不明朗和国内管治问题影响,经济增长受挫,促使亚洲投资者把目标转移至其他非洲国家。

照片:开发农业可否改变非洲的发展前景?(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
开发农业可否改变非洲的发展前景?
照片:开发农业可否改变非洲的发展前景?(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
开发农业可否改变非洲的发展前景?

对非洲许多企业和金融业者来说,2017年是充满变化和波动的一年,令数个非洲国家的状况显得特别脆弱。未来12个月,对非洲感兴趣的亚洲投资者应该往哪里寻找机遇?

2017年,关于非洲的报道甚多,政经分离是其中一个主题。政经分离是指许多非洲国家政府尽管致力推行改善政治及管治的政策,却不一定能令当地营商环境有实质改善。

关于这个问题,南非兰德商业银行(Rand Merchant Bank)分析师Ronak Gopaldas是个专家,他也是具影响力的Where to Invest in Africa周年报告的合著者之一。2017年底,Gopaldas在汤森路透公司(Thomson Reuters)举办的周年非洲高峰会上说:「在非洲市场,经济不一定跟随政治。有些非洲国家虽然发生了负面的政治事件,但经济仍能反弹复苏。这种政治和经济分离的状况,在2018年很可能继续发生。」

Gopaldas以肯尼亚作为例子。去年,肯尼亚的选举结果引起极大争议,触发暴动,造成24人死亡。虽然如此,当选举结果正式宣布后,肯尼亚的货币不跌反升。

虽然政治与经济分离的例子有不少,但政治气候不明朗显然很易导致经济不稳定,这也是投资者关心的问题。在2017年,多个非洲国家明显受到政治拖累,令经济直接受损。

以尼日利亚为例,该国总统因患病久未公开露面,引起广泛不安。至于安哥拉,当在位38年的总统下台后,新政权立即开始清洗当地商界和政坛。南非总统则面对多宗贪腐和任人唯亲的指控,支持度不断下滑,但仍紧抓权力不放,到本月中终于宣布辞职。南非和尼日利亚是非洲两大经济体,却是2017年国内生产总值(GDP)增长表现最差的其中两个非洲国家。

去年,关于非洲经济发展的负面报道甚多,许多成功故事却鲜有提及。东非的肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚,以及西非的象牙海岸和塞内加尔等国家,都吸引了大量海外投资。下表根据整体投资吸引力,罗列非洲十大投资目的地。

表:非洲十大最具吸引力的投资目的地
表:非洲十大最具吸引力的投资目的地

假如决定投资非洲,那么投资在甚么范畴较为合适?许多非洲国家正积极为基建发展计划招商引资。同时,非洲的稀有金属提炼产业也涌现商机。

软基建方面,教育和医疗保健是非洲优先发展的领域,一方面是因为这两个范畴特别能引起投资者兴趣,另一方面是非洲若要展现真正的经济潜力,发展教育和医疗保健都是重要的先决条件。

照片:肯尼亚的野生动物保护区对游客极具吸引力。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
肯尼亚的野生动物保护区对游客极具吸引力。
照片:肯尼亚的野生动物保护区对游客极具吸引力。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
肯尼亚的野生动物保护区对游客极具吸引力。
照片:南苏丹潜力巨大,但目前获得的投资甚少。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com_John Wollwerth)
南苏丹潜力巨大,但目前获得的投资甚少。
照片:南苏丹潜力巨大,但目前获得的投资甚少。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com_John Wollwerth)
南苏丹潜力巨大,但目前获得的投资甚少。

农业是另一个潜力优厚的产业。非洲拥有全球六成未利用耕地,若能妥善管理和投资,成功开发耕地,势将改变非洲的发展前景,也可为海外投资者提供可观的回报。

总部设于约翰内斯堡的Exx Africa是一家风险顾问公司,其行政总裁Robert Besseling分析了未来12个月及以后,非洲哪些国家及行业发展前景最好。排在名单前列的是几内亚和赞比亚,在矿业带动下,这两个国家的经济将会起飞。

虽然几内亚和赞比亚的基建仍然非常落后,但稀有金属资源丰富,其中锰、铌及钴等对许多高科技行业的未来发展必不可少。为了发展矿业,几内亚和赞比亚必须改善基建,包括运输和饭店设施。因此,在这两个范畴外商投资的时机已成熟。

其他专家则认为肯尼亚、尼日利亚和赞比亚是最佳的投资目的地。Gopaldas解释说:「这3个国家除了是地区枢纽外,也可供应丰富的矿产品,让外商扩展业务。」

肯尼亚的数字产业发展迅速,早已引起了国际投资者的兴趣。此外,受惠于大量中国游客涌入,旅游和饭店业的发展也很理想。肯尼亚的野生动物保护区举世知名,吸引了许多中国游客。

投资者除可考虑投资在经济最发达的非洲国家外,Besseling也建议大家留意一些没有那么突出的国家。他说:「我们忽略了这些国家,但下一个重大机遇也许就在其中。这些国家有许多曾是冲突区,例如南苏丹或布隆迪,目前获得的投资非常少,但在机场、道路、饭店等各方面都有巨大需求。」

Besseling和Gopaldas对于投资重点的看法或许有别,但两人一致认为非洲的资金来源主要是亚洲,其中中国内地的投资者更是名列前茅。Gopaldas说:「我们将继续看到中国在非洲的投资越来越多。事实上,在『一带一路』倡议下,中国早已投资在非洲一系列的基建发展计划。以资源作为发展基建资金的抵押,这种中国投资模式相信将继续存在。」

照片: 中国以投资基建发展换取非洲的稀有金属资源。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
中国以投资基建发展换取非洲的稀有金属资源。
照片: 中国以投资基建发展换取非洲的稀有金属资源。(图片提供:Shutterstock.com)
中国以投资基建发展换取非洲的稀有金属资源。

不过,Besseling认为,亚洲其他国家对非洲的投资将会超越中国:「非洲未来的发展,印度将扮演重要角色,日本和韩国也是。甚至泰国和越南的银行、企业及国有机构都正在非洲寻找机遇。」

特约记者 Mark Ronan 开普敦报道

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国内生产总值 (十亿美元)

118.53 (2018)

世界排名 60/193

国内生产总值 人均 (美元)

3,366 (2018)

世界排名 128/192

经济结构

(2019年国内生产总值构成)

服务
(50.03%)
工业
(26.03%)
农业
(11.38%)

对外贸易 (占国内生产总值的百分比)

87.5 (2019)

货币 (期内平均)

摩洛哥迪拉姆

9.62每美元 (2019)

政治制度

君主立宪制

资料来源:美国中央情报局《世界概况》、《大英百科全书》、国际货币基金组织、Pew Research Center、联合国、世界银行

详细资料请浏览 英文版。
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为长远业务发展,不少中国内地的技术和资本密集型企业,近年加紧布局国际业务,并进一步发掘「一带一路」市场商机。广东科达洁能股份有限公司(下称科达洁能)表示,对外投资不应单看劳动力和直接生产成本,全盘生产布局更需考虑交通运输、物流、关税等整体成本,并根据市场需求定位有关投资策略,务求为公司业务寻求最大效益。

着眼「一带一路」市场潜力

在上海交易所上市的科达洁能,主要从事建材机械(陶瓷机械、墙材机械、石材机械等)、环保洁能(清洁煤气技术与装备、烟气治理技术与装备)与洁能材料(锂离子动力电池负极材料)等三大业务,并提供工程总承包管理和融资租赁服务。该公司旗下设有包括位于广东、安徽、江苏、河南、辽宁等地27家子公司,并拥有科达、恒力泰、科行、新铭丰、科达东大、埃尔、卓达豪等行业内知名品牌,目前销售遍及40多个国家和地区。

在建材机械方面,科达洁能积极利用国产装备,拓展海外市场,现已在亚洲市场处领先地位。该公司董事钟应洲先生向香港贸发局经贸研究介绍:「科达洁能的建材机械生产属技术及资本密集型,在质量和技术方面均达国际水平,加上内地无论在金属原材料、电子/电气零部件等支援一应俱全,亦不乏高端设计和工程技术人才,有利生产高技术和『高性价比』的建材机械。虽然内地近年经历一般劳动力及生产成本上涨,但科达洁能仍集中完善内地的生产业务,以技术和质量取胜,进一步发展内地和海外市场。」

相片:中国建材市场经过多年发展已迈向成熟。
中国建材市场经过多年发展已迈向成熟。
相片:中国建材市场经过多年发展已迈向成熟。
中国建材市场经过多年发展已迈向成熟。

他表示,内地建材市场经过30年发展已迈向成熟,而下游生产商对建材生产装备需求亦转趋平稳。为业务的长远发展,科达洁能正逐步开发海外市场,并且十分重视「一带一路」沿线国家的市场发展潜力,特别是不少沿线国家亟欲引进有关生产装备,在本国生产建材以支援当地不断增加的基础建设、建筑活动。

依据成本利润布局海外投资

科达洁能除了从中国内地出口建材装备,近年亦开始在海外布局投资生产业务,但有关投资项目却集中与建材装备相关的下游业务,包括在非洲国家投资生产陶瓷建材产品。该公司目前在非洲肯尼亚设立的磁砖生产线,已在2016年底开始投产,而在加纳的厂房预计在2017年中开始运营,另外在坦桑尼亚的建材生产项目亦处于基础建设阶段。

相片:科达洁能着眼「一带一路」的陶瓷建材市场潜力。
科达洁能着眼「一带一路」的陶瓷建材市场潜力。
相片:科达洁能着眼「一带一路」的陶瓷建材市场潜力。
科达洁能着眼「一带一路」的陶瓷建材市场潜力。

虽然中国制建材拥有低成本优势,但建材生产商往往因部分国家征收较高的进口关税,加上建材运输成本高昂,难以为中国制产品开拓距离较远的海外市场。另一方面,部分发展中地区如非洲等地,建设活动不断增加,对建材需求殷切,但缺乏具规模的本地投资者,在当地设立建材生产线供应本地市场。

钟先生指出:「在这背景下,科达洁能与部分非洲分销商合作,输出中国生产的装备往有关国家设立建材生产线,利用当地原材料生产磁砖产品供应非洲市场。事实上,在计及劳动力效率及其他生产成本,在非洲生产磁砖的成本不比内地便宜,但却大大省却进口关税和运输成本,使科达洁能可有效开拓非洲的建材终端市场。而且,非洲建材市场在需求带动下能承受较高价格,可带来更高利润,同时带动公司的装备业务销售往非洲。

在建材机械领域方面,科达洁能已实现陶瓷机械装备国产化,并迈向「世界建材装备行业强者」的目标。该公司在内地设有2个「国家认定企业技术中心」、1个「国家工程技术中心」、2个「博士后科研工作站」和3个「院士工作室」等创新研发平台,配合内地的生产基地,为建材生产客户提供先进装备和相关的技术支援服务,现已是中国内地建材机械的龙头企业之一,获中国机械500强、国家级高新技术企业、国家知识产权优势企业、广东创新企业二十强等殊荣。

 

(注:上文是香港贸发局与广东省商务厅合作研究项目全球供应链转移与粤港产业发展关系的企业个案之一。更多详情,请参考前述的研究报告。)

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先达国际物流网路四通八达,管理组织高效,货物运输时间因此可减少达百分之五十。该公司的执行董事林进展表示,中国“一带一路”倡议带来新机遇,货品更容易打进倡议中沿线60多个国家的市场,大大促进物流业发展。

講者:
先达国际执行董事林进展

相关连结:
香港贸易发展局
https://www.hktdc.com/sc/

香港贸发局“一带一路”资讯网站
https://beltandroad.hktdc.com/sc/

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亚的斯亚贝巴-吉布提铁路(亚吉铁路)是中国在非洲一项最新的投资项目。随著「一带一路」建设的推进,这类投资项目的数量必定会不断增加,但中国与非洲的发展规划是否协调一致?

照片: 中非合作进行全长485公里的蒙内铁路建设工程。
中非合作进行全长485公里的蒙内铁路建设工程。
照片: 中非合作进行全长485公里的蒙内铁路建设工程。
中非合作进行全长485公里的蒙内铁路建设工程。

吉布提是非洲最小的国家之一,而埃塞俄比亚素来被视为东非之角的经济龙头,现在,两国均是「一带一路」倡议的受益者。「一带一路」是中国主导的大规模国际基建及贸易发展计划。

吉布提国土虽小,但其港口位处红海入口的战略位置,举足轻重。吉布提有大量外国军队驻扎,当中包括美国在非洲的最大军事基地。相比之下,埃塞俄比亚作为非洲第二人口大国,是区内的经济发展亮点。

尽管两个国家的情况截然不同,但现已被亚吉铁路联系起来。亚吉铁路主要由中国建设和投资,并由中国中铁和中国土木工程集团负责兴建,2016年10月正式通车,成为非洲首条跨境电气化铁路。整项工程造价达40亿美元,其中大部分融资来自中国进出口银行。

埃塞俄比亚地处内陆,而亚吉铁路全长750公里,大大改善了该国的进出口运输交通。最重要的是,亚的斯亚贝巴与吉布提港之间的公路运输路程,原本需时7天,现在则大幅缩减至10个小时。该铁路是中国与非洲战略合作的成果,被视为「一带一路」不可或缺的一部分。

此外,蒙巴萨-内罗毕铁路(蒙内铁路)是另一项由中国出资/主导的项目,今年6月亦投入运作。蒙内铁路全长485公里,实为一个价值140亿美元的标准轨距铁路网络的第一期工程。该铁路网络规模远超蒙内铁路,最终将由肯尼亚延伸至乌干达,再抵达卢旺达。

上述铁路网络落成后,中国制造的商品可望透过蒙巴萨港打开东非多个内陆市场。中国对矿产的依赖程度正日益加深,而该项目料将改善非洲矿产出口的供应链。

中国在非洲已展开众多工程项目,上述铁路是其中两个最新项目。早于1970年代,中国在非洲已兴建坦赞铁路,把内陆的赞比亚及其产铜带与坦桑尼亚的三兰港连接起来。当时坦赞铁路是中国在非洲最大型的援助项目。

最近,中国承诺向非洲各国多个大型基建项目作出投资,成为「一带一路」建设的关键元素。显然,中国希望在非洲的经济发展中担当重要角色,而这一方针势必提高中国在非洲大陆的商业版图。

在2015中非合作论坛上,中国国家主席习近平慷慨地承诺将向非洲提供600亿美元的发展援助。其中大部分资金将投入若干大型基建项目,包括新的埃塞-吉布提铁路和东非海岸一系列港口升级工程。

对于中国的策略,约翰内斯堡大学孔子学院政治分析员David Monyae评论道:「中国无条件进行投资及商业活动,成功提升在非洲大陆的影响力,营造了北京政府乐意支持非洲发展的印象。」

照片: 1970年代兴建的坦赞铁路是中国最初在非洲进行的投资项目之一。
1970年代兴建的坦赞铁路是中国最初在非洲进行的投资项目之一。
照片: 1970年代兴建的坦赞铁路是中国最初在非洲进行的投资项目之一。
1970年代兴建的坦赞铁路是中国最初在非洲进行的投资项目之一。

不过,其他分析员则以怀疑的眼光看待此事,断言「一带一路」乃中国打造一个全球贸易集团并建立「势力范围」的手段。南非安全研究所顾问Peter Fabricius便是其中之一。他认为:「习近平可能正利用一个偶然的机遇,务求扩大中国作为世界龙头大国的经济及政治影响力。衆所周知,美国由奉行孤立主义的特朗普出任总统,在全球事务中逐步退却,因此中方正善加利用当前的时机。」

Fabricius与其他分析员均认为,有明显迹象显示国际市场正形成全新的经济秩序。理由之一是,除美国和法国等多个国家之外,中国最近亦在吉布提建立军事基地。

然而,其余人士则不同意非洲各地进行的「一带一路」项目乃是中国为暗地里聚集势力而作出的举措。相反,他们坚信非洲人口达10亿,中国在东非的投资纯粹是为了建立更广阔的贸易网络,旨在进一步打开非洲的消费市场。因此,有关人士认为,推进「一带一路」之目的应是透过改善贸易通路促进共同发展。

至于地缘政治野心和全球贸易网络扩大二者能否真正分开而论,仍有讨论空间。无论实况如何,南非著名商业记者Peter Bruce认为:「中国在非洲的影响力巨大,引人注目,而其影响力的扩张速度极快。」

不少人认为,关键问题是适用于中国的方案是否亦适用于非洲。代表整个非洲大陆55个国家的非洲联盟对此表示乐观。非盟早已表明,欢迎中国合作参与非洲的基础设施和技术项目。

南非经济学家Greg Mills的见解或多或少解释了非盟热忱背后的原因,他指出:「中国的承包商和企业愿意接受西方业界大多不会考虑的工作地点和条件。」

中国非洲制造

然而,非洲吸引中国投资者之处不止于基建。世界银行表示,由于中国工资预期上升,导致成本压力上涨,因此估计中国将对外输出8,600万个低技能制造业工作岗位。预料非洲最终将成为这一轮劳动力需求转移的主要受益者。

对于这一转变,Mills说:「低技术、劳力密集型制造活动实际上不能在中国进行。随着中国经济逐渐向上爬升,非洲确实有望把握有关的劳动力需求机遇。」

纺织业是正经历这一进程的产业。中国已将部分纺织业生产设施迁往非洲,其中在东非的埃塞俄比亚,中国重金投资了若干大型制造业项目,而该国势将成为非洲的制衣中心。

埃塞俄比亚原本已是非洲增长最快的经济体之一。该国一直实行低劳动成本政策,以维持竞争优势。目前,该国首都亚的斯亚贝巴附近一个工业园区凭借低/零关税措施及廉价的劳动力,已吸引约80家中国纺织企业进驻。事实上,中国相对的薪酬水平比埃塞俄比亚高15倍。中国浙江省鞋履制造商华坚集团同样投入了大量资金在园区内兴建大型厂房,目前员工总数超过3,000人。

总体来说,主要由中国出资的运输基建改善项目令整个非洲地区的制造业效率均得到提升。例如,亚吉铁路开通后,过去被陆地环绕的埃塞俄比亚现有直通港口的交通路线。

因此,据说其他几个非洲国家,尤其是摩洛哥、南非、喀麦隆和多哥,都在争取北京的关注。鉴于中国企业已经在非洲创造了约60万个就业机会,自然所有非洲国家都希望把握「一带一路」可能带来的机遇。

中国明显认为,输出部分制造业岗位将有助一些非洲国家进一步实现自给自足。不过,反对者坚称,中国乃在利用当地的廉价劳动力,对非洲许多合作伙伴国的高压统治和管治不善等问题视若无睹。

尽管存在上述种种忧虑,惟综观全球经济环境,商品价格收入下滑将成为长远趋势,无可否认,非洲各国如要实现经济可持续增长,必须扩大制造业。中国方面,显然有意利用非洲的这一需求。

最后,与所有其他投资者一样,中国希望确保其投资取得良好回报,对非洲基建项目的投资更明显地反映了这个目标。对此Bruce特别指出:「中国在非洲的投资无一不为其带来某种形式的利益,或是政治利益,或是经济利益。」

照片: 生产业务迁移:华坚集团位于埃塞俄比亚的制鞋厂是否代表未来发展趋势?
生产业务迁移:华坚集团位于埃塞俄比亚的制鞋厂是否代表未来发展趋势?
照片: 生产业务迁移:华坚集团位于埃塞俄比亚的制鞋厂是否代表未来发展趋势?
生产业务迁移:华坚集团位于埃塞俄比亚的制鞋厂是否代表未来发展趋势?

与数年前中国的情况无异,非洲热切希望更全面地参与经济全球化的发展。许多人相信,「一带一路」如果可以促进非洲的发展及带动当地经济,那么只会对非洲大陆有利。

特约记者 Mark Ronan 开普敦报道

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